Dayak Traditionally

Traditionally, Dayak agriculture was based on swidden rice cultivation. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest). Dayaks organised their labour in terms of traditionally based land holding groups which determined who owned rights to land and how it was to be used. The "green revolution" in the 1950s, spurred on the planting of new varieties of wetland rice amongst Dayak tribes.
The main dependence on subsistence and mid-scale agriculture by the Dayak has made this group active in this industry. The modern day rise in large scale monocrop plantations such as palm oil and bananas proposed for vast swathes of Dayak land held under customary rights, titles and claims in Malaysia and Indonesia, threaten the local political landscape in various regions in Borneo. Further problems continue to arise in part due to the shaping of the modern Malaysian and Indonesian nation state on the back of previous British and Dutch colonial political systems and western laws on land tenure. The conflict between the state and the Dayak natives on land laws and native customary rights will continue as long as the colonial model on land tenure is used to define relationships between the Dayak citizenry and the central authority of the state. Dayak cultivated land, interpreted by local customary law, is considered to be owned and held in right by the natives, and the concept of land ownership as thus, flows out of this central belief. This understanding of adat is based on the idea that land is used and held under native domain. Invariably, when European colonial rule was established in the Kalimantan Kingdoms, conflict over the subjugation of territory by a foreign authority erupted several times between the Dayaks and the respective colonial authorities.

Arts and culture

Yogyakarta is known for its silver work, leather puppets used for shadow plays (wayang kulit), and a unique style of making batik dyed fabric. It is also known for its vivid contemporary art scene. Yogyakarta is also known for its gamelan music, including the unique style Gamelan Yogyakarta, which developed in the courts.

Recreation

The City contains an extensive aquarium, containing one of the largest shark tanks in the world, with a walk-through tunnel. It is situated in a recreational complex which also contains athletic, games-playing and aquatic facilities, and a fun-fair. The rides therein are not as complex, and do not contain as many loops and inversions as some rides in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America, but are nevertheless well patronised.

Museums

Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the war of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums. Yogya Kembali, and Fort Vredeburg are two major museums of about 11 named in the city.To the east of the town centre is a large air-force museum; as Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of the Mig 15 trainer (NATO designation Mongol), MiG 17 (Fresco), MiG 19 (Farmer), Mig 21 (Fishbed) and Tu16 (Badger), together with an assortment of American and British aircraft.

Transportation

Yogyakarta is served by Adisucipto International Airport.The city is located on one of the two major railway lines across Java between Jakarta / Bandung and Surabaya. It has two passenger railway stations, Tugu is the major intercity station. The other is Lempuyangan.The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major destination for inter-city buses to elsewhere on Java or Bali, as well as taxis, andong, and becak. Motorbikes are by far the most commonly-used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles.

Education

The site of several major universities, Yogyakarta is widely recognized as an educational city. The north of the province is home to Gadjah Mada University, one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Indonesia. Other famous universities in Yogyakarta are Institut Sains dan Teknologi AKPRIND - Yogyakarta, Indonesian Institute of the Arts - Yogyakarta, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, and Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana.

Health facilities

The major hospitals in Yogyakarta include Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta - Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, and Panti Rapih Hospital.

SPECIAL STATUS

SULTAN AND YOGYA’S SPECIAL STATUS

THE HEAD OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PROVINCE OF YOGYAKARTA DJUWARTO EXPRESSED HIS DETERMINATIONS IN FIGHTING TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIAL STATUS OF THE PROVINCEACCORDING TO DJUWARTO SRI SULTAN HAMENGKU BUWONO THE TENTH’S RELUCTANCE IN CONTINUING HIS POSITION AS THE GOVERNOR NEED TO BE RESPONDED WITH CARE IN THE MEANTIME ROMO TIRUN SAID THAT WHAT WAS CONVEYED BY SRI SULTAN IS HIS FINAL WORD AND HIS RIGHT...

ACCORDING TO DJUWARTO CLEAR DEFINITIONS ON THE SPECIAL STATUS OF THE PROVINCE OF YOGYAKARTA WILL BE UPHELD IN THE CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY EVENTHOUGH SULTAN IS RELUCTANT IN CONTINUING HIS POSITION AS THE GOVERNOR DJUWARTO SAID THE POSITION SHOULD STILL BE MAINTAINED WITHIN THE ROYAL FAMILY OF KRATON YOGYAKARTA THE CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE IN JOGJA IS UNIQUE WITH CONFLICTS REMEDIED BY THE GOVERNOR SRI SULTAN HIMSELF

ANOTHER FIGURE FATHER TIRUN SAID THAT SULTAN’S STATEMENT IS THE WORD OF A KING IN WHICH THE PEOPLE HAVE TO ABIDE BY ROMO TIRUN WHO IS ALSO A FAMILY OF KRATON YOGYAKARTA/ EXPLICITLY SAID THAT SRI SULTAN’S RELUCTANCE WAS UNXPECTED BY THE ROYAL FAMILY HOWEVER IT IS SRI SULTAN’S RIGHTS WETHER OR NOT TO ACCEPT THE POSITION

Prambanan Temple (Hindu Temple)

The Prambanan temple is the biggest and a most beautiful Hindu temple about 20 minutes from Yogyakarta city. This magnificent Shivaite temple derives its name from the village where it is located. Locally known as the Loro Jongrang temple, or the temple of the "Slender Virgin" it is reputed to be the biggest and most beautiful Hindu Temple in Indonesia.17 kilometers east of Yogyakarta, the temple is believed to have been built by King Balitung Maha Sambu in the middle of the ninth century.Its parapets are adorned with a bas-reliefs depicting the famous Ramayana story. It has eight shrines, of which the three main ones are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma (all are manifestations of God in Hindu). The main temple of Shiva rises to a high of 130 feet and houses the magnificent statue of Shiva's consort, Durga.Prambanan Temple is beautiful temple, in fact, it is a group of temples. The biggest temple dedicated to Shiva (one of manifestation of God) with two other smaller ones, on its right and on its left, dedicated to Brahma and Wisnhu (manifestation of God) respectively. Reliefs decorating the walls of the temple depict the story of Ramayana.

About Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta is the name of a special province in Central Java, and is also the name of its ancient capital. It lies in the shadow of Merapi, the 2900 meter tall Fire Mountain.The City of Yogyakarta (also known simply as "Yogya" or "Jogya") is the most attractive of the historical cities in Java. It is the center of classical Javanese art and culture that includes Ramayana dances, shadow puppet shows (wayang kulit), traditional gamelan music, and world-famous batik.The Old City and the Sultan’s Palace lies in the heart of Yogyakarta, with its elegant pavillions and courtyards, museums and art galleries. For more than two-and-a-half centuries, the Sultan's Palace or Kraton remains the hub of the city's cultural heritage. HistoryThe sultanate of Yogyakarta was formed in 1755 when the Dutch East India Company divided the existing Sultanate of Mataram into the Sultanate of Surakarta Hadiningrat and the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, which gradually overtook the former in size.On September 5, 1945, in response to Indonesian independence, the Sultanates became part of the Republic of Indonesia. During the Indonesian war of independence against the Dutch after World War II (1945-1950), the capital of the newly-declared Indonesian republic was temporarily moved to Yogyakarta when the Dutch reoccupied Jakarta from January 1946 until August 1950. Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region Province. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX of Yogyakarta was named governor for life while Sri Paduka Paku Alam VIII of Surakarta became vice-governor. The current ruler of Yogyakarta is Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X.The capital of the province, also called Yogyakarta, became a municipality in 1947. In 1999, Yogyakarta Municipality officially became Yogyakarta City.